John R. Skoyles: The origin of Classical Greek culture: Hunter-gatherers of
the alphabet.
Az adott kommunikáció-elmélet (elmélet-töredék) szokásos megnevezése:
Skoyles a technikai determinizmus "chicagói iskolájával" tűnik vitatkozni,
de végén részben egyetért az azok által levont következtetésekkel - olyan kultúratörténeti
adalékokkal, amelyek a görög kultúra korabeli népekhez viszonyított gyors fejlődését
és virágzását a magánhangzók írásbeli jelölésével magyarázzák. Ez az elmélet
durva leegyszerűsítése, mindazonáltal Skoyles megjegyzései rámutatnak olyan
társadalmi és kommunikációs folyamatokra és felépítésekre, amelyek valóban a
kultúra gyors fejlődését határozhatták meg.
Az elmélet érvényességi területe:
A görög kultúra gyors fejlődésének okairól beszél, ám olyan következtetéseket
von le, amelyek választ adhatnak sok kultúratörténeti kérdésre.
Az elméletben érvényesülő kommunikáció-fogalom típusa:
Az elmélet az írás módjával foglalkozik, feltételezése (a fentemlített iskolával
egyetértésben), hogy az írás-olvasás módjai különböző társadalmi viszonyításokat
tesznek lehetővé.
Az elmélet leíró vagy magyarázó?
Az elmélet magyarázni próbálja azokat az eltéréseket, amelyek különböző társadalmak
szerkezetében és fejlődési ritmusában létrejöhetnek.
A koncipiálásba bevont funkciók,
A koncipiálásba bevont szerkezet(ek), illetőleg szerkezeti egységek,
A koncipiálásba bevont színterek,
A koncipiálásba bevont dinamikák:
Skoyles szerint a társadalmak fejődését a közösség szerveződése határozza meg.
A gyűjtögető-vadász társadalmak szerveződése nem elit réteghez kötött, a célnak
megfelelően válogatódik ki az aktuális elit, ez nem perpetuálódik, hanem a cél
változásával változik maga is. Nem ez a helyzet a letelepedett földművelő társadalmakban,
ott ugyanis az egyszer kialakult elitnek lehetősége van önmaga továbbtermelésére
akár nemzedékeken keresztül is, ez pedig meghatározza a társadalomban mint kultúraközegben
végbemenő lehetséges változásokat. Az elit képzésének egyik módja a közösség
számára fontos tudásoknak a közösség számára elérhetetlenné tevése, illetve
olyan közvetítők képzése, akik a közösség számára fontos tudásokat rögzítik
és meghatározhatják. A mássalhangzó-írás többértelműsége és olvasás általi értelmezhetőségének
alacsony foka, a hieroglifikus írás, a szótagjelölő írások (az írás és olvasás
tudásának csökkentése illetve elérhetetlen nyelvűvé tétele?) ilyen típusú elit
képzésére alkalmas eszközök. A görög kultúra írástípusa azonban lehetővé tette,
hogy a rögzített tudástartalmakat megkérdőjelezzék, s ezáltal létrejöjjön egy
olyan elit nélküli társadalom, amely szerkezetében hasonlít a gyűjtögető, halász-vadász
társadalmakhoz, azzal a különbséggel, hogy míg azokban a tudások és a társadalom
működésére vonatkozó szabályok szóbeliek s ezáltal feledhetőek, a görög tudáskészlet
írott formájú volt. (Skoyles a görög kultúra virágkorát két évszázadban határozza
meg: ie. 500-300 között, később a hódítások hatására - nb. más elitképző eszköz
- a görög társadalom is tagolttá válik.)
Scoyles az irodalmat mint a közösség számára fontos tudások írásbeli feljegyzéseit
határozza meg, írástípusonként megkülönböztet "átlátszó" (transparent)
és "áttetsző" (opaque) irodalmakat. Az áltlátszó irodalmak mindenki
számára könnyedén hozzáférhetőek, érthetőek és értelmezhetőek, s ezáltal megkérdőjelezhetőek.
Az áttetsző irodalmak nem teszik lehetővé ezt, magyarázóra, közvetítőre van
szükség az értelmezéshez. Vagyis van olyan irodalom, amely elősegíti és van
olyan amelyik gátolja az elitképződést.
Az elmélet kapcsolata más elméleti konstrukciókkal,
Az elmélet háttérdiszciplinái:
Gazdagon idéz lingvisztikai, szociolingvisztikai, szociológiai eredményeket,
utal neveléselméleti és történeti munkákra, az alapja azonban a fentemlített
chicagoi iskolával (Innis, Eric Havelock, Marshall McLuhan; Jack Goody, Walter
Ong, David Olson, Derrick de Kerchhove) való vita.
Az elmélet-alkotás célja,
Az elmélet eredeti alkalmazási terepe:
Kultúrakutatás? Társadalomnéprajz?
Amennyire én látom, ez puszta akadémiai vita, mégha érdekes is.
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Az összefoglalót készítette: Szakács István
Dátum: 2003-05-27